a half-wave rectifier basically chops off the upper (or lower) half of a waveform which is great for making new and interesting CV shapes and adding grit to audio waveforms. the chopped off part is replaced by just straight DC so that the signal looks like some kind of fancy trimwork this circuit is optimized for dual purposes - for AC (audio) and DC (control voltages). my version features two identical stages of both, a total of four independent stages. also included in each stage is an INV out jack which simply outputs a polarity-reversed version of the input signal. on another note, i would like to find a circuit that does variable-phasing of the input signal. i suppose this would look like some kind of time-lag or delay module. mark scetta vco2@yahoo.com 9/2001